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MENE NE TSARON YANAR GIZO-GIZO(CYBER SECURITY)

MENE NE TSARON INTANET? Tsaron yanar gizo shine aikin kare kWamputa, sabobin, na'urorin hannu, tsarin lantarki, hanyoyin sadarwa, da kuma bayanai daga mummunan hari. Hakanan an san shi da tsaro na fasahar bayanai ko tsaron bayanan lantarki. Kalmar tayi aiki a cikin fannoni da dama, daga kasuwanci zuwa lissafin wayar hannu, kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa wasu 'yan bangarori kamar haka:-

• Tsaron cibiyar sadarwar ita ce tabbatar da hanyar sadarwar komputa daga masu kutse, ko maharan da aka yi niyya ko kuma ɓarnatar da amfani.
• Tsaron aikace-aikace:- yana mai da hankali kan kiyaye software da na'urori daga barazanar. Aikace-aikacen da aka lalata zai iya ba da damar yin amfani da bayanan da aka tsara don karewa. Amintaccen tsaro ya fara a matakin ƙira, tun kafin a ɗora wani shiri ko na'urar.
• Tsaron bayani yana kare mutuncin bayanai da sirrin bayanai, duka a cikin ajiya da kuma hanyar wucewa.
• Tsaron aiki ya haɗa da matakai da yanke shawara don sarrafawa da kare dukiyar bayanai. Izinin da masu amfani suke da shi yayin shiga hanyar sadarwa da hanyoyin da ke tantance yadda da inda za a iya adana ko raba bayanai duk sun faɗi a ƙarƙashin wannan laima.
• Farfaɗar bala’i da ci gaban kasuwanci:- suna ayyana yadda ƙungiya za ta amsa ga abin da ya faru na tsaro ta yanar gizo ko wani abin da ya haifar da asarar ayyuka ko bayanai. Manufofin dawo da bala'i suna bayyana yadda kungiyar ta dawo da ayyukanta da bayanan don komawa ga iya aikinta kamar yadda yake kafin taron. Ci gaban kasuwanci shine shirin da ƙungiyar ta faɗi baya yayin ƙoƙarin aiki ba tare da wasu albarkatu ba.
• Ilimin mai amfani na ƙarshe yana magance mafi mahimmancin yanayin tsaro na cyber-tsaro: mutane. Kowa na iya gabatar da kwayar cuta ba da gangan ba zuwa tsarin tsaro in ba haka ba ta hanyar bin kyawawan matakan tsaro. Koyar da masu amfani don share abubuwan haɗin imel na tuhuma, ba tare da shigar da abubuwan kebul na USB da ba a san su ba, da sauran manyan darussa masu mahimmanci suna da mahimmanci ga tsaron kowace ƙungiya.
• Girman barazanar yanar gizo:- Barazanar yanar gizo ta duniya na ci gaba da bunkasa cikin hanzari, tare da karuwar adadin karya bayanai a kowace shekara. Wani rahoto na (RiskBased Security) ya bayyana cewa wani abin birgewa ya nuna fallasa bayanai na biliyan 7.9 a cikin watanni tara na farkon 2019 kadai. Wannan adadi ya ninka sau biyu (112%) adadin bayanan da aka fallasa a daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2018.
• Sabis ɗin likita, 'yan kasuwa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun sami mafi yawan ɓarna, tare da mugayen masu laifi da ke da alhakin mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sassan sun fi dacewa ga masu aikata laifuka ta hanyar yanar gizo saboda suna tattara bayanan kuɗi da na likita, amma duk kasuwancin da ke amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa ana iya niyya ga bayanan abokin ciniki, leƙen asirin kamfanoni, ko harin abokin ciniki.
• Tare da girman barazanar yanar gizo da ke shirin ci gaba da hauhawa, Hukumar Bayar da Bayanai ta Duniya ta yi hasashen cewa kashe kudaden duniya kan hanyoyin magance tsaron yanar gizo zai kai dala biliyan 133.7 a shekarar 2022. Gwamnatoci a duk fadin duniya sun amsa barazanar karuwar yanar gizo tare da jagora don taimakawa kungiyoyi na aiwatar da ingantattun hanyoyin tsaro na yanar gizo.
• A Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Ka'idoji da Fasaha ta Kasa (NIST) ta kirkiro tsarin tsaro ta yanar gizo. Don yaƙi da yaduwar lambar ƙeta da taimako cikin ganowa da wuri, tsarin yana ba da shawarar ci gaba, sahihin lokaci na duk albarkatun lantarki.
• An maimaita mahimmancin saka idanu kan tsarin a cikin "matakai 10 don tsaron yanar gizo", jagorancin da aka bayar ta Cibiyar Tsaro ta Intanet ta Gwamnatin U.K. A Ostiraliya, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Intanet ta Australiya (ACSC) tana wallafa jagora akai-akai kan yadda ƙungiyoyi za su iya magance sabuwar barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo. Ire-iren barazanar yanar gizo Barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo ya ninka sau uku:

1. Laifukan yanar gizo sun haɗa da wasa guda ɗaya ko ƙungiyoyi masu niyya ga tsarin don neman kuɗi ko haifar da rikici.
2. Hare-hare ta yanar gizo galibi ya ƙunshi tattara bayanan siyasa.
3. Cyberterrorism:- an yi niyyar lalata tsarin lantarki don haifar da tsoro. Don haka, ta yaya 'yan wasan zalunci ke samun ikon sarrafa tsarin kwamfuta? Anan akwai wasu hanyoyin da ake amfani dasu don barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo: Malware Malware yana nufin software mara kyau. daga cikin barazanar yanar gizo, malware ita ce software da wani ɗan damfara ko ɗan fashin kwamfuta ya ƙirƙira don tarwatsa ko lalata halattaccen kwamfutar mai amfani. Sau da yawa ana yadawa ta hanyar haɗewar imel ɗin da ba a nema ba ko zazzagewa mai neman halal, ana iya amfani da malware ta hanyar masu aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo don samun kuɗi ko kuma kai hare-hare ta hanyar yanar gizo. Akwai wasu nau'ikan malware daban-daban, kamar su:
4. wayar cuta: Tsarin maimaita kai ne wanda ke ɗora kansa don tsabtace fayil kuma ya bazu cikin tsarin komputa, yana shigar da fayiloli tare da lambar ƙeta.
5. Trojans: Wani nau'in malware ne wanda aka ɓoye shi a matsayin halattaccen software. Masu aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo suna yaudarar masu amfani da shigar da Trojan akan kwamfutansu.

YADDA ZAKA SAMU KUDI CIKIN SAUKI TA HANYAR FIVERR

AMINCIN ALLAH MADAUKAKI YATABBATA AGAREKU HADA-HADAR KUDADE TA YANAR GIZO-GIZO BARKANKU DA WARHAKA, Sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru tundaga karshen 2019 zuwa farkon 2021 yasa mutane cikin fatara da matsanancin talauci, hakan yasa aka rungumi kasuwancin zamani wanda fasaha ta samar domin saukake wahalhalu da cakuduwa da aka hana saboda corona virus (corvid-19),kasashe da dama sun kulle mutanae a gida (lockdown) shiyasa komai yakoma kan yanar gizo-gizo mutum zaije kasuwa yayi sayayya yanacikin dakinsa ta hanyar amfani da wayar sa ko computer kuma akawo masa har gida,dukda tsaikon da muka samu anan Nigeria na yan damfara (scammers) na harkar cryptocurrency suka tafi da kudaden mutane,to nasan mutane sun rungumi qaddara kamra yadda addinin mu (islam) ya koyar damu yadda da qaddara mekyau ko mara kyau,haka zalika hakan bazai hanamu samo wata mafitar ba tunda bamu dena hawan motaba dan saboda tana kashemu,in akai hatsarin ma(accident) wata motar ake hawa domin aje asibiti,ga wata mafitar domin saye ko sayarwa,ina nufin zaka iya mallakar shago acikin wannan katafariyar kasuwar (seller) kuma zaka iya saye (buyer) sannan koda baka da jari indai kana da wata baiwa,ko wani ilimi da zaka iya amfanawa wani to akima haddakai,kawai kashigo kayi register kyauta ne. kubiyo mun samun karin bayani akan yadda zakai register amatsayin mai sayarawa (seller) ko mai saye (buyer). duk mai tambaya ya iya yi. shiga nan

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DARASI NA BIYAR (5)

INJIN BINCIKE Menene Injin Tantancewa?

kamar yadda aka ruwaito Daga Dinesh Thakur Ma'anar: Injin Bincike sananne ne ga komputa na farko mai amfani da keɓaɓɓe na musamman a duniya kuma ya tsara tsarin komputa na zamani. Shahararren Masanin Lissafi na Ingilishi Charles Babbage ne ya tsara shi tsakanin 1834 da 1846. Charles ya yi amfani da jan ƙarfe don gina Injin Injiniyanci, ba lantarki ba ne ke amfani da injin tururi. Kodayake injiniya ne a duk ayyukansa, Injin Injiniyan na iya aiwatar da lissafin mawuyacin rikitarwa a ƙarƙashin ikon katunan naushi. Zai yiwu sashin reshe na sharaɗi, kuma Babbage ya shirya shirye-shiryen gwaji waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga bisa tsarin tsarin madauki. A cikin kyakkyawan hangen nesa na tunanin ƙarni na ashirin, Babbage ya nuna cewa, idan aka ba shi isasshen lokaci, kowane ƙayyadaddun ƙididdigar za a iya aiwatar da shi ta Injin Nazarin. Injin Bincike shine magajin Injin Bambancin Wannan na'urar ta yi amfani da Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), kulawar kwarara ta asali, katunan naushi, da ƙwaƙwalwa. Ana amfani da Injin Nazarin don ƙididdige ƙimar lambobi na ayyukan trigonometric na kowane irin dabara. Babbage yayi amfani da jerin katunan naushi don shigarwa yayin ƙirar injiniyar binciken waɗanda suke don: ayyukan lissafi, adadi na adadi, da ayyukan loda da adanawa. Injin Babbage yayi amfani da CPU na zamani wanda shine hadewar turaku na zahiri da ganga mai juyawa wanda ya zama, "Turing-complete" saboda ya gamsar da bukatar na'urar Turing. Babbage ya rubuta bayanan dubunnan bayanai game da aikin kuma ya tsara zane 250. Amma injin ba a kammala shi ba; Saboda Babbage ya sami sabani da babban injiniyan sa kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta janye kuɗaɗen aikin. Charles Babbage Injiniyan Nazari Injin Nazarin Babbage yana da sassa huɗu: An tsara injinan Babbage da ƙa'idodi na abubuwa huɗu: injin niƙa, shagon, mai karatu, da firintar. A yau kwamfuta waɗannan abubuwan haɗin suna da mahimmanci. Shiga ciki: Injin Bincike ana iya ciyar dashi tare da shirye-shiryen biyu da bayanai ta hanyar katunan naushi. Babbage ya kira wannan "mai karatu". Fitarwa: Babbage's zai yi amfani da firinta na analog kuma yayi amfani da katunan naushi don fitarwa da shigarwar. Memwa Memwalwa: Babbage ya kira wannan "shagon" a cikin Injin Injiniyanci, yana adana lambobi 1,000 na lambar adadi 40. Shagon ya kasance inda aka gudanar da bayanai don aiki. Kungiyar Tsarin Mulki (cpu): wanda ya kira "mill" yana yin duk ayyukan lissafi da kwatancen. Yana adana lambobi zuwa rajista kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar microprogram; da amfani da hanyoyin sarrafawa don fassara umarnin mai amfani da mai amfani zuwa cikin kayan cikin gida; tsarin sarrafawa yana aiwatar da ayyuka ta atomatik, Jacquard ne ya haɓaka. Ada Lovelace ta taimaka wa Charles Babbage a cikin tunanin sa na injin binciken kwalliya. Ada Lovelace sananne ne ga mai shirye-shirye na farko a duniya tare da aiki tare da Babbage.Babbage sun haɗa da madaukai da sharaɗi a cikin harshen shirye-shiryen inji

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DARASI NA BIYU (2)

YADDA IRE-IREN KWAMFUTOCI SUKE

Ta hanyar fasaha, kwamfuta na’ura ce ta hannu. Yana nufin zata iya yin jerin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara sannan yayi martani ga sabbin umarnin da aka bashi. Zata iya aiwatar da jerin umarnin da aka riga aka tsara (shirin). Tana iya adanawa da dawo da adadi mai yawa da sauri. A yau, duk da haka, ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa don komawa zuwa kwamfutar tebur da kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka waɗanda galibin maza da mata suke amfani da shi. Lokacin da kake magana da samfurin tebur, kalmar “kwamfuta” a fasaha tana amfani ne kawai da kwamfutar kanta - ba mai saka idanu ba, madannin rubutu, da linzamin kwamfuta. Koyaya, yana da karɓa don koma zuwa komai tare kamar kwamfutar. Idan kanaso ka zama mai fasaha, akwatin da yake dauke da inji ana kiransa “tsarin”. Saboda haka kwamfutoci na iya yin aiki mai rikitarwa da maimaituwa cikin sauri, daidai, kuma abin dogaro. Kwamfutocin zamani na zamani ne. Ainihin kayan aiki (igiyoyi, transistors, da da'irori) da ake kira hardware; umarnin da bayanan ana kiran su software. Da yawa daga cikin mahimman kayan aikin komputa na sirri (ko PC) sun haɗa da: Cibiyar sarrafawa ta tsakiya (CPU): bangare ne na kowane tsarin komputa na lantarki; wannan shine bangaren da aka hada da Primary memor, Na'urar sarrafawa, da kuma bangaren ilimin lissafi. Tana wakiltar cibiyar jiki ce ta dukkan tsarin kwamfutar; an haɗa shi da kayan keɓaɓɓen kayan aiki, gami da kayan shigarwa / kayan fitarwa da ƙarin rumbunan ajiya. A cikin kwamfutocin zamani, CPU ɗin an haɗa shi a kan gutsuren kewaya da ake kira microprocessor. Meyalwar ajiya (mai sauri, mai tsada, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa) (ko RAM): Yana da nau'in nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta mai sauri wanda ke adana duk bayanan da ke cikin PC ɗinku na ɗan lokaci da kuke so a yanzu da nan ba da daɗewa ba. Hard drive ko Mass ajiya (mafi hankali, mai rahusa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar dogon lokaci): Kayan aiki ne na kayan aiki wanda yake amfani da shi don adana bayanai da yawa kamar aikace-aikace da takardu dindindin. Babban disk ɗin farko a PC shine C drive ɗin ku. Duk da yake kwamfutoci na sirri babu shakka sune nau'ikan na'urori da suka fi yawa a yanzu, akwai wasu nau'ikan kwamfutoci da yawa. Ta misali, “minicomputer” komputace mai ƙarfi wacce zata iya tallafawa yawancin masu amfani lokaci ɗaya. "Mainframe" babban komputa ne wanda ke iya aiwatar da biliyoyin lissafi daga wurare da yawa a lokaci guda. A ƙarshe, “supercomputer” inji ce da ke iya sarrafa biliyoyin umarni a karo na biyu kuma ana amfani da ita don ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu rikitarwa. Gabaɗaya, kwamfutoci Ana iya rarrabasu bisa: (a) Damar sarrafa bayanai da yadda suke aiwatar da sigina, da kuma (b) Girma, dangane da karfin aiki da saurin aiki. Matsayi na nau'ikan Kwamfuta Dangane da nau'in shigarwar da kuma karɓa, kwamfutar tana da nau'i uku:-

1. Analogue Computer Duk abin da muke ji da gani muna canzawa koyaushe. Wannan canjin mai gudana mai gudana ana saninsa da bayanan analog. Ana iya amfani da kwamfutar analog a aikace-aikacen kimiyya da masana'antu kamar don auna wutar lantarki, mita da juriya na ƙarfin, da sauransu. Kwamfutocin Analog kai tsaye suna karɓar bayanai a cikin na'urar aunawa ba tare da fara canza su cikin lambobi da lambobi ba. Lambobin na analog kwamfuta ne zazzabi, matsa lamba, tarho Lines, Speedometer, rigakafi na capacitor, mitar sigina da ƙarfin lantarki, da dai sauransu.
2. Digital Computer Kwamfuta ta dijital ita ce mafi amfani da amfani da ita don sarrafa bayanai tare da lambobi ta amfani da lambobi, yawanci ana amfani da tsarin lambar binary. Kwamfuta ta dijital da aka yi niyya don yin lissafi da ayyukan aiki cikin hanzari. Yana ɗaukar ɗanyen bayanai azaman lambobi ko adadi da hanyoyin amfani da aikace-aikacen da aka adana a ƙwaƙwalwar don yin fitarwa. Duk kwamfutocin zamani irinsu kwamfyutoci da tebur da muke amfani da su a ofis ko gida kwamfutoci ne na dijital. Yana aiki a kan bayanai, kamar girma, haruffa, da alamomi, waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin lambar binary - watau, tare da lambobi biyu kawai 1 da 0. Ta hanyar ƙidaya, gwadawa, da sarrafa waɗannan lambobin ko haɗuwarsu ta hanyar umarnin da aka ajiye a ciki ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarta, kwamfutar dijital na iya yin waɗannan ayyuka don sarrafa matakan masana'antu da kuma sarrafa ayyukan injuna; bincika da tsara ɗimbin bayanan kamfanin; da kwaikwayon halayyar tsarin tsaurarawa (misali, yanayin yanayin duniya da halayen sunadarai) a cikin binciken kimiyya. Kwamfuta ta dijital tana ba da cikakken sakamako amma sun yi jinkiri idan aka kwatanta da kwamfuta ta analog.
3. Hybrid Computer Babbar kwamfutar da ta haɗu da ɓangarorin kwamfutar dijital da komputa na analog. Yana da sauri kamar kwamfutar analog kuma tana ƙunshe da ƙwaƙwalwa da daidaito kamar kwamfutocin dijital. An yi niyya don haɗa aikin haɗin analogue wanda ke da tasiri don ƙididdiga, amma duk da haka yana da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar dijital mai sauƙin amfani. A cikin manyan kamfanoni da kamfanoni, ana iya amfani da kwamfutar da aka haɗu don haɗawa da ayyukan aiki na hankali ban da samar da ingantaccen aiki na daidaitaccen ƙididdiga. Misali, famfon iskar gas ya hada da guntu wanda ke sauya girman adadin man fetur zuwa girma da tsada. Ana amfani da babban kwamfyuta a asibitoci don auna bugun zuciyar wannan mutumin. Daban-daban da kuma masu girma dabam na kwamfuta Tun farkon komfuta na farko, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan injina suna ba da sabis daban-daban. Kwamfutoci galibi suna da girma kamar waɗanda suke zaune a wani katafaren gini kamar ɗan littafin rubutu ko ma microcontroller a cikin saka ko tsarin wayar hannu. Ana iya rarraba kwakwalwa gabaɗaya ta nau'ikan ko girma da ƙarfi kamar haka, kodayake akwai maɓalli mai yawa.

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DARASI NA HUDU(4)

AMFANIN KWAMFUTER

1. Yin aiki da yawa :- Yin hada-hada da yawa yana daya daga cikin amfanin computer. Mutum na iya yin aiki da yawa, aiki da yawa, ƙididdige matsalolin lambobi a cikin daƙiƙa kaɗan. Kwamfuta na iya yin umarni tiriliyan a kowane dakika.
2. Sauri (speed) :- Yanzu kwamfuta bawai kawai na`urar lissafi bace. Yanzu kwamfutar tana taka mahimmiyar rawa a rayuwar ɗan adam. Acikin manyan fa'idodin kwamputa shine saurinta, wanda ke taimakawa ɗan adam kammala aikinsa cikin yan daƙiƙu. Duk ayyukan ana iya yin su cikin sauri; badan saboda saurin da take dashi ba da anɗauki lokaci mai tsawo don yin aikin.
3. Kundin Adana manyan bayanai:- Yana da wani low cost bayani. Mutum na iya adana manyan bayanai a cikin ƙaramin kasafin kuɗi. Databaseunƙuntar cibiyar adana bayanai ita ce babbar fa'ida da zata iya rage farashi.
4. Daidaito (accuracy):- Daya daga cikin tushen fa'idodin komputa shine wanda zai iya yin ba kawai lissafi ba har ma tare da daidaito.
5. Tsaron Bayanai:- Kare bayanan dijital an san shi da tsaro na bayanai. Kwamfuta yana samar da tsaro daga sojojin ɓarnata da kuma daga matakan da ba'a so daga masu amfani da izini kamar harin cyber ko harin isa ga mutane. RASHIN AMFANIN KWAMFUTA Kamar yadda muka sani fa'ida tana zuwa da rashi.
6. Cutar da kai hare-hare:- Kwayar cuta tsutsa ce kuma Hacking hanya ce mara izini ta kan kwamfuta don wata manufa ta haram. Ana yin kwayar cutar daga abin da aka makala ta imel, duba tallan gidan yanar gizo da ke dauke da cutar, ta hanyar na'urar da za a iya cirewa kamar kebul da dai sauransu da zarar an sauya kwayar cutar a cikin kwamfutar da ke karbar bakinta za ta iya cutar da fayil, ta sake rubuta fayil da sauransu. Misali: Babban sashin yanar gizo yana sauka ciki harda Twitter, Netflix, Reddit da CNN a watan Oktoba 2016 saboda an ƙaddamar da harin DDoS mafi girma akan mai ba da sabis na DYN ta amfani da IoT Botnet.
7. Laifukan Intanet na Yanar Gizo:- Laifin aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo yana nufin kwamfuta da hanyar sadarwa na iya amfani da su don aikata laifi. Yin amfani da yanar gizo da satar Shaida sune wanda ya zo karkashin laifuka ta yanar gizo. Misali: mutum na iya samun damar shiga asusunka na kasuwanci kamar amazon account yanzu wannan mutumin zai iya sanin bayananka na sirri kamar katin zare kudi ko lambar katin,ko bashi wanda zai iya zama mara kyau.
8. Ragewa acikin damar aiki:- Ba a amfani da ƙarnin da ya gabata na kwamfuta ko kuma suna da ilimin kwamfuta sun gamu da babbar matsala lokacin da kwamfuta ta zo a fili. Kamar yadda muka gani a bangaren harkar banki manyan ma’aikatan banki sun gamu da wannan matsalar lokacin da kwamfuta ta zo bangaren banki. A sama akwai babban rashin amfani da kwamfuta, babu IQ, Dogaro, Bata da shauki, lalacewa shine ainihin rashin lafiyar kwamfuta.

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DARASI NA UKU (3)

RABA-RABEN KWAMFUTA Rabe-raben Kwamfuta: Tun farkon komfuta, nau'ikan injina suna ba da sabis daban-daban. Kwamfutoci galibi suna da girma kamar waɗanda suke zaune a wani katafaren gini kamar ɗan littafin rubutu ko ma microcontroller a cikin saka ko tsarin wayar hannu. Ana iya rarraba kwakwalwa gabaɗaya ta nau'ikan ko girma da ƙarfi kamar haka, kodayake akwai maɓalli mai yawa. Dangane da Girmanta; Kwamfutoci sun banbanta dangane da damar sarrafa bayanai. An rarraba su bisa ga manufar sarrafa bayanai da aiki, Dangane da aiki, an rarraba kwamfutoci kamar haka:-

• Micro computer Micro Computer karamar computer ce. Injinanka masu zaman kansu daidai yake da microcomputer. Mainframe da Mini Computer sune magabatan dukkannin kwamfutocin microcomputers. Hadakar Kayan kera kere yana rage girman Mainframe da Minicomputer. Micro Computer Ta hanyar fasaha, microcomputer komputa ce inda Sipu (cibiyar aiki ta tsakiya (kwakwalwar inji) ta ƙunshi mai sarrafawa guda ɗaya, microprocessor, kayan shigar / shigar kayan aiki, da naúrar ajiya (ƙwaƙwalwa) Waɗannan abubuwan suna da mahimmanci don samun dace aiki na microcomputer. Micro-kwakwalwa musamman waɗanda aka kirkira don amfanin gaba ɗaya kamar nishaɗi, ilimi, da dalilan aiki. To, sanannen Hanyar 'Microcomputers. Ire-iren Micro Computer
• Kwamfutocin tebur
• kwamfyutocin cinya
• mataimakin dijital na sirri (PDA)
• allunan
• tarho
  
• Minicomputer Minicomputer: ba karamin aiki bane. Aƙalla, ba a cikin hanyar da yawancinmu ke tunanin ƙarami ba. Kun san girman kwamfutar ku da dangin ta. Wani karamin na'urar komputa kuma ana kiranta ƙarami. Aangare ne na ƙananan kwamfutoci waɗanda aka gabatar wa duniya daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Businessesananan kamfanoni da ƙananan kamfanoni ke amfani da su. Karamin kwamfiyuta kwamfyuta ce wacce ke da dukkan halayen babban pc, amma girmanta yakai ƙarami idan aka kwatanta da waɗancan. Hakanan za'a iya san karamin na'ura mai kwakwalwa a matsayin matsakaicin zangon pc. Icananan na'urori sune tsarukan masu amfani da yawa inda fiye da masu amfani ɗaya zasu iya aiki lokaci ɗaya. Mai amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa Minicomputer na iya ƙarfafa masu amfani da yawa a lokaci ɗaya, ko kuma za ku iya bayyana cewa minicomputer tsarin sarrafawa ne da yawa. Additionari ga haka, ikon sarrafa minicomputers ba shi da mahimmanci fiye da ƙarfin babban firam da manyan kwamfutoci. Daban-daban Na Minicomputers
• PC kwamfutar hannu
• Wayoyin hannu
• Littattafan rubutu
• Shafar Allon allo
• Babban Wasan Kida
• Desktop Comananan Kwamfuta
  
• Mainframe Tana nufin irin babbar kwamfutar da ke tafiyar da dukkan kamfanoni, Babbar manhajar tana nuna nau'in kwamfutar da ke tafiyar da dukkan kamfanoni. Kwamfutocin Mainframe na iya saukar da su a cikin manyan ɗakunan sanyaya iska saboda girmanta a cikin duniyar yanzu, inda dukkan kamfanoni, sana’o’i, da sadarwa suke na ainihi. babban kwamfuta Don haka don yin duk wannan ƙoƙarin, buƙatar komputa mai tasirin gaske akan ɓangaren mai masaukin baki, wanda ke aiwatar da kwatance da bayar da fitarwa a cikin lokaci. Dangane da amfani da kwamfutoci a cikin duniyar zamani, zamu iya amfani da pc na rarrabawa a cikin Supercomputer, Mainframe Computer, da Mini Computer da kuma nau'ikan microcomputer. Babbar kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta fi Mini da Microcomputer ƙarfi, amma sun fi Supercomputer ƙarfi. Babban kwamfyutar da aka yi amfani da ita a manyan kamfanoni. Babban banbanci tsakanin babbar kwamfuta da babbar manhajar kwamfuta ita ce, babbar komputa tana tasar da dukkan karfinta don aiwatar da shiri cikin sauri. Sabanin haka, babban mahimman bayanai suna amfani da ikonta don gudanar da aikace-aikace da yawa lokaci guda. A cikin takamaiman hanyoyi, manyan firam suna da tasiri fiye da manyan kwamfyutoci saboda suna ƙarfafa aikace-aikace iri ɗaya. Koyaya, manyan kwamfutoci zasu iya yin shirye-shirye ɗaya da sauri fiye da babban komputa. Mashahuran Mainframe kwakwalwa
• IBM 1400 jerin.
• 700/7000 jerin.
• Tsarin / 360.
• Tsarin / 370.
• IBM 308X.
• Supercomputer Shine kwamfuta mafi girma,da sauri, kuma mafi tsada a duniya. Amfani da Supercomputers Yau manyan kwamfyutoci ba za su iya yin lissafi kawai ba; suna aiwatar da bayanai masu yawa a layi daya tare da rarraba ayyukan sarrafa kwamfuta zuwa dubun dubatan CPUs. Supercomputers da ke aiki a cibiyoyin bincike, hukumomin gwamnati, da kamfanoni suna yin lissafin lissafi ban da tattara bayanai, tattarawa, rarrabawa, da tantance bayanai.
  
  Hasashen Yanayi Masanin yanayin yankin ya kafa asalin sa ne bisa bayanan da manyan kwamfyutocin da NOAA ke bayarwa ko kuma Hukumar kula da Yankin Yankin Kasa da Yanayi. Tsarin NOAA na aiwatar da ayyukan rumbun adana bayanai, lissafi, da lissafi akan dimbin bayanan da aka tattara daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar da kuma duniya. Processingarfin sarrafawa na manyan kwamfyutoci yana taimaka wa masana ilimin kimiyar yanayi hango nesa, ba kawai yiwuwar samun ruwan sama a makwabtanku ba amma hanyoyin guguwa gami da yuwuwar faɗawa. Binciken Kimiyya Yawa kamar yanayi, nazarin ilimin kimiyya ya dogara ne akan iyawar yawan cushewar manyan kwamfutoci. Misali, masu binciken taurari a NASA suna nazarin bayanan dake gudana daga tauraron dan adam a doron kasa, rediyo na doron kasa da na’urar hangen nesa da kuma binciken da ke bin tsarin rana. Masu bincike a Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai game da Nukiliya, ko CERN, sun gano kwayar Higgs-Boson ta hanyar tantance dimbin bayanan da Babban Hadron Collider ya kirkira. Ma'adanan Bayanai Yawancin kwamfyutoci da yawa suna da mahimmanci don cire bayanai daga ɗanyen bayanin da aka tara daga gonakin bayanai a kewayen bene ko gajimare. Ta hanyar misali, kamfanoni na iya yin nazarin bayanan da aka tara a cikin rajistar kudaden su don taimakawa sarrafa haja ko hangen nesa kasuwa. Kasuwancin Inshorar Rayuwa suna amfani da manyan kwamfyutoci don rage haɗarinsu na aiki. Hakanan, kamfanonin da ke ba da inshorar kiwon lafiya suna rage farashi da kuɗin kwastomomi ta amfani da manyan kwamfyutoci don nazarin fa'idodi da zaɓukan magani daban-daban. Manyan Mashahuran Kwamfutoci biyar:-
• JAGUAR, dakin gwaje-gwaje na Oak Ridge na kasa
• NEBULAE, China
• ROADRUNNER, Los Alamos National Laboratory
• KRAKEN, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar lissafi ta ƙasa
• JUGENE, Juelich Supercomputing Center, Jamus

HALAYYAR/DABI`UN KWAMFUTA

1. Sauri: - Kamar yadda kuka sani kwamfuta na iya aiki cikin sauri. Yana daukar daƙiƙa kaɗan don ƙididdigar da muke ɗaukar awoyi kafin mu kammala. Za ka yi mamakin sanin cewa kwamfuta na iya yin umarni miliyan (1,000,000) har ma fiye acikin dakika guda. Sabili da haka, zamu ƙayyade saurin komfuta dangane da microsecond (10-6 na biyu) ko nanosecond (10 zuwa iko -9 ɓangare na biyu). Daga wannan zaku iya tunanin irin saurin da kwamfutarku ke yi.
2. Cikakke (accuracy): - Matsayin daidaiton kwamfuta yana da girma sosai kuma kowane lissafi ana yin sa ne da daidaito iri daya. Matsayin daidaito shine 7. ƙaddara bisa ƙirar kwamfuta. Kuskuren cikin komputa ya samo asali ne daga bayanan mutane da kuma ba daidai ba.
3. Hankali (diligence): - Kwamfuta ba ta da gajiya, rashin natsuwa, gajiya, da sauransu.Zata iya yin aiki na tsawon awanni ba tare da ƙirƙirar wani kuskure ba. Idan za a yi miliyoyin lissafi, kwamfuta za ta yi kowane lissafi da daidai. Saboda wannan damar ya fi ƙarfin mutum a cikin nau'in aiki na yau da kullun.
4. Bayani (versatility): - Yana nufin damar aiwatar da nau'ikan aiki daban. Kuna iya amfani da kwamfutarku don shirya ragamar biyan kuɗi. Lokaci na gaba zaku iya amfani dashi don gudanar da kaya ko don shirya lissafin lantarki.
5. Ikon Tunawa: - Kwamfuta tana da ikon adana kowane irin bayanai ko bayanai. Duk wani bayani ana iya adana shi kuma a tuna shi muddin kuna buƙatarsa, na kowane lambobin shekaru. Ya dogara ne akanka akan yawan adadin bayanan da kake son adanawa a cikin kwamfuta da kuma lokacin da zaka rasa ko dawo da waɗannan bayanai.
6. Bata da IQ: - Kwamfuta injinan bebe ne kuma baya iya yin kowane aiki ba tare da umarni daga mai amfani ba. Yana aiwatar da umarnin cikin tsananin gudu da daidaito. Ya kamata ku yanke shawarar abin da kuke son yi kuma a wane jerin. Don haka kwamfuta ba zata iya daukar shawararta kamar yadda zaka iya ba.
7. Bata da shauki: - Ba shi da ji ko motsin rai, dandano, ilimi da gogewa. Don haka baya gajiya koda bayan dogon awowi na aiki. Ba ya rarrabe tsakanin masu amfani.
8. Ma'aji (storage): - Kwamfuta tana da ginanniyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya inda zata iya adana bayanai masu yawa. Hakanan zaka iya adana bayanai a cikin naurorin ajiya na biyu kamar floppies, wanda za'a iya ajiye shi a wajen kwamfutarka kuma za'a iya ɗaukarsa zuwa wasu kwamfutocin.

Kukasance damu a darasi na gaba.

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