DARASI NA BIYU (2)

YADDA IRE-IREN KWAMFUTOCI SUKE

Ta hanyar fasaha, kwamfuta na’ura ce ta hannu. Yana nufin zata iya yin jerin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara sannan yayi martani ga sabbin umarnin da aka bashi. Zata iya aiwatar da jerin umarnin da aka riga aka tsara (shirin). Tana iya adanawa da dawo da adadi mai yawa da sauri. A yau, duk da haka, ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa don komawa zuwa kwamfutar tebur da kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka waɗanda galibin maza da mata suke amfani da shi. Lokacin da kake magana da samfurin tebur, kalmar “kwamfuta” a fasaha tana amfani ne kawai da kwamfutar kanta - ba mai saka idanu ba, madannin rubutu, da linzamin kwamfuta. Koyaya, yana da karɓa don koma zuwa komai tare kamar kwamfutar. Idan kanaso ka zama mai fasaha, akwatin da yake dauke da inji ana kiransa “tsarin”. Saboda haka kwamfutoci na iya yin aiki mai rikitarwa da maimaituwa cikin sauri, daidai, kuma abin dogaro. Kwamfutocin zamani na zamani ne. Ainihin kayan aiki (igiyoyi, transistors, da da'irori) da ake kira hardware; umarnin da bayanan ana kiran su software. Da yawa daga cikin mahimman kayan aikin komputa na sirri (ko PC) sun haɗa da: Cibiyar sarrafawa ta tsakiya (CPU): bangare ne na kowane tsarin komputa na lantarki; wannan shine bangaren da aka hada da Primary memor, Na'urar sarrafawa, da kuma bangaren ilimin lissafi. Tana wakiltar cibiyar jiki ce ta dukkan tsarin kwamfutar; an haɗa shi da kayan keɓaɓɓen kayan aiki, gami da kayan shigarwa / kayan fitarwa da ƙarin rumbunan ajiya. A cikin kwamfutocin zamani, CPU ɗin an haɗa shi a kan gutsuren kewaya da ake kira microprocessor. Meyalwar ajiya (mai sauri, mai tsada, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa) (ko RAM): Yana da nau'in nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta mai sauri wanda ke adana duk bayanan da ke cikin PC ɗinku na ɗan lokaci da kuke so a yanzu da nan ba da daɗewa ba. Hard drive ko Mass ajiya (mafi hankali, mai rahusa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar dogon lokaci): Kayan aiki ne na kayan aiki wanda yake amfani da shi don adana bayanai da yawa kamar aikace-aikace da takardu dindindin. Babban disk ɗin farko a PC shine C drive ɗin ku. Duk da yake kwamfutoci na sirri babu shakka sune nau'ikan na'urori da suka fi yawa a yanzu, akwai wasu nau'ikan kwamfutoci da yawa. Ta misali, “minicomputer” komputace mai ƙarfi wacce zata iya tallafawa yawancin masu amfani lokaci ɗaya. "Mainframe" babban komputa ne wanda ke iya aiwatar da biliyoyin lissafi daga wurare da yawa a lokaci guda. A ƙarshe, “supercomputer” inji ce da ke iya sarrafa biliyoyin umarni a karo na biyu kuma ana amfani da ita don ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu rikitarwa. Gabaɗaya, kwamfutoci Ana iya rarrabasu bisa: (a) Damar sarrafa bayanai da yadda suke aiwatar da sigina, da kuma (b) Girma, dangane da karfin aiki da saurin aiki. Matsayi na nau'ikan Kwamfuta Dangane da nau'in shigarwar da kuma karɓa, kwamfutar tana da nau'i uku:-

1. Analogue Computer Duk abin da muke ji da gani muna canzawa koyaushe. Wannan canjin mai gudana mai gudana ana saninsa da bayanan analog. Ana iya amfani da kwamfutar analog a aikace-aikacen kimiyya da masana'antu kamar don auna wutar lantarki, mita da juriya na ƙarfin, da sauransu. Kwamfutocin Analog kai tsaye suna karɓar bayanai a cikin na'urar aunawa ba tare da fara canza su cikin lambobi da lambobi ba. Lambobin na analog kwamfuta ne zazzabi, matsa lamba, tarho Lines, Speedometer, rigakafi na capacitor, mitar sigina da ƙarfin lantarki, da dai sauransu.
2. Digital Computer Kwamfuta ta dijital ita ce mafi amfani da amfani da ita don sarrafa bayanai tare da lambobi ta amfani da lambobi, yawanci ana amfani da tsarin lambar binary. Kwamfuta ta dijital da aka yi niyya don yin lissafi da ayyukan aiki cikin hanzari. Yana ɗaukar ɗanyen bayanai azaman lambobi ko adadi da hanyoyin amfani da aikace-aikacen da aka adana a ƙwaƙwalwar don yin fitarwa. Duk kwamfutocin zamani irinsu kwamfyutoci da tebur da muke amfani da su a ofis ko gida kwamfutoci ne na dijital. Yana aiki a kan bayanai, kamar girma, haruffa, da alamomi, waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin lambar binary - watau, tare da lambobi biyu kawai 1 da 0. Ta hanyar ƙidaya, gwadawa, da sarrafa waɗannan lambobin ko haɗuwarsu ta hanyar umarnin da aka ajiye a ciki ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarta, kwamfutar dijital na iya yin waɗannan ayyuka don sarrafa matakan masana'antu da kuma sarrafa ayyukan injuna; bincika da tsara ɗimbin bayanan kamfanin; da kwaikwayon halayyar tsarin tsaurarawa (misali, yanayin yanayin duniya da halayen sunadarai) a cikin binciken kimiyya. Kwamfuta ta dijital tana ba da cikakken sakamako amma sun yi jinkiri idan aka kwatanta da kwamfuta ta analog.
3. Hybrid Computer Babbar kwamfutar da ta haɗu da ɓangarorin kwamfutar dijital da komputa na analog. Yana da sauri kamar kwamfutar analog kuma tana ƙunshe da ƙwaƙwalwa da daidaito kamar kwamfutocin dijital. An yi niyya don haɗa aikin haɗin analogue wanda ke da tasiri don ƙididdiga, amma duk da haka yana da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar dijital mai sauƙin amfani. A cikin manyan kamfanoni da kamfanoni, ana iya amfani da kwamfutar da aka haɗu don haɗawa da ayyukan aiki na hankali ban da samar da ingantaccen aiki na daidaitaccen ƙididdiga. Misali, famfon iskar gas ya hada da guntu wanda ke sauya girman adadin man fetur zuwa girma da tsada. Ana amfani da babban kwamfyuta a asibitoci don auna bugun zuciyar wannan mutumin. Daban-daban da kuma masu girma dabam na kwamfuta Tun farkon komfuta na farko, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan injina suna ba da sabis daban-daban. Kwamfutoci galibi suna da girma kamar waɗanda suke zaune a wani katafaren gini kamar ɗan littafin rubutu ko ma microcontroller a cikin saka ko tsarin wayar hannu. Ana iya rarraba kwakwalwa gabaɗaya ta nau'ikan ko girma da ƙarfi kamar haka, kodayake akwai maɓalli mai yawa.